The morphological characteristics of the cancellous bone cannot be truly replicated, meaning that the functional parts of the designed and manufactured bone tissue are inadequate, and the synthetic treatment cannot perfectly replace the bone defect site 15. When studying models for porous bone tissue, cancellous bone is typically replaced by a homogeneous porous structure. Different pore structures can affect the movement and metabolism of bone cells, which can act as a physiological mechanism for controlling pore cell behavior in an extracellular environmental. The anisotropic pore structure within the internal scaffold may guide the development of bone growth factor in the direction of the porosity and mechanical gradient, which would be helpful for controlling stem cell differentiation and promoting tissue function. The internal structure of the bone tissue has a specific porosity and mechanical strength, and the internal communication pore allows the transport of nutrients from the outside to the inside of the system, which creates a favorable biological environment for cell growth 13, 14.
Bone tissue has not only excellent mechanical properties and permeability but also a variety of pore morphologies that are adapted to the growth needs of cells 10– 12. (4) The scaffold must have mechanical properties similar to those of the surrounding tissue.īone tissue is an anisotropic, complex structure, and ideal internal pore structure has been constructed by natural selection and evolution. (3) The surface micro-topography must promote cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. (2) The scaffold should be biocompatible and biodegradable at rates that are compatible with tissue growth, and the degradation products must have no effect on tissue metabolism. An ideal tissue scaffold should have the following characteristics 9: (1) the scaffold should contain a porous structure with high porosity to be conducive to cell growth, nutrient transport and metabolite discharge. Additionally, cell adhesion and a controllable regular distribution of cells must be ensured. Initial support is necessary and can be provided to the tissue culture by the scaffold in vitro or in vivo. In general, the scaffold provides a biological microenvironment that stimulates cell growth behavior through cell-scaffold and cell-cell interactions, such as adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation, maintenance and death 7, 8.
These internal pores directly affect the growth state of the cells 5, 6. One of the key parameters in the manufacture of tissue engineering scaffolds is the creation of a porous structure inside the scaffold. In the in vivo environment, the cells will undertake a variety of physiological activities around the scaffold to repair the lesion. Bone tissue engineering’s basic goal is to implant a three-dimensional composite scaffold constructed from biological material and cells into a lesion site. As such, it is important to fully understand the structure and functionality of bone under normal conditions, as the goal of bone tissue engineering is to repair or replace damaged bone tissue with the original organization and function after recovery 1– 4. The goal of tissue engineering is to promote the regeneration of tissues by combining a scaffold, cells and active molecules.
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